Copper(II) sulfate, also known as copper sulphate, is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula CuSO₄. It forms hydrates CuSO₄·nH₂O, where n can range from 1 to 5. The pentahydrate is the most common hydrate of copper(II) sulfate.

Caustic soda flakes is a solid form of sodium hydroxide. Caustic soda flakes manufactured by DCM Shriram Ltd. are free from foreign matter, dirt or other visible impurities. The product is widely used in the textile, soaps and detergents, pulp and paper industries and in alumina refineries. Sodium hydroxide, also known as lye and caustic soda, is an inorganic compound with the formula NaOH. It is a white solid ionic compound consisting of sodium cations Na⁺ and hydroxide anions OH⁻.
Sodium hydroxide is a highly caustic base and alkali that decomposes proteins at ordinary ambient temperatures and may cause severe chemical burns. It is highly soluble in water, and readily absorbs moisture and carbon dioxide from the air. It forms a series of hydrates NaOH·nH₂O. The monohydrate NaOH·H₂O crystallizes from water solutions between 12.3 and 61.8 °C. The commercially available “sodium hydroxide” is often this monohydrate, and published data may refer to it instead of the anhydrous compound.

Citric acid is an organic compound with the chemical formula HOC(CH₂CO₂H)₂. It is a colorless weak organic acid. It occurs naturally in citrus fruits. In biochemistry, it is an intermediate in the citric acid cycle, which occurs in the metabolism of all aerobic organisms.