Sodium citrates are used as acidity regulators in food and drinks, and also as emulsifiers for oils. They enable cheeses to melt without becoming greasy. It reduces the acidity of food as well. Sodium citrate is used to prevent donated blood from clotting in storage. It is also used in a laboratory, before an operation, to determine whether a person’s blood is too thick and might cause a blood clot, or if the blood is too thin to safely operate. Sodium citrate is used in medical contexts as an alkalinizing agent in place of sodium bicarbonate,^[1] to neutralize excess acid in the blood and urine.^[2] It has applications for the treatment of metabolic acidosis^[3] and chronic kidney disease.

CMC could be used as flocculating agent, chelating agent, emulsifier, thickening agent, water-retaining agent, sizing agent, film-forming material, and so on. CMC is also widely applied in fields such as electronics, pesticides, leather, plastics, printing, ceramics, and the daily-use chemical industry.